Excerpt from the prisons chapter of The History of Punishment (Amber Books). Cesare Beccaria, who in 1764 was the first set out, almost by accident, the principles of a modern penal system, and Jeremy Bentham, the inventor of the Panopticon, precursor of today’s “all of the people some of the time” culture of video surveillance

What political leaders’ clothes say about them: Teddy Roosevelt, George W Bush, Tony Blair and Nelson Mandela. Excerpt from the fashion history book Ceremonial Costumes (Mason Crest), part of a non-fiction series for US secondary schools